FRENCH-CANADIANS AND IMMIGRANTS

THE GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT

vol. 2, no.10, December 2009, $ 1.00
si vous voulez lire en français, : http://www.laviereelle.blogspot.com/

FOREWORD: Many thanks to Tim Pelzer, tpelzer@shaw.ca who edited this article. Don't forget the link below to L'Humanité in English, selection of the daily communist newspaper published in Paris.
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Daniel Paquet*

Who knows? Maybe the book recently published by former Québec Premier Jacques Parizeau is going to crash.

At the moment the Parti Québécois (PQ) is trying by any means to kindle the light of separatism. The left leaning party Québec solidaire is also expecting to attract the nationalist vote, especially youth who reject the PQ’s conservative orientation. Actually, it looks like a child’s game of musical chairs: the music plays and when it stops, you better find a chair; otherwise you will be expelled from the game.

The PQ is the official opposition party in the National Assembly and plays on the federal government’s failure to recognize Québec’s French Canadian nation. Of course, the Stephen Harper conservative party recognized Québec as nation. But, in practice, it is like affirming officially and strongly that Toronto is in Ontario!

PQ leaders take profit from the French Canadian people’s dissatisfaction with the status quo. They believe that – especially in some parts of Montréal- you have to speak English in commercial outlets and restaurants now. This is partly true. But it is not a deliberate campaign by small business owners as they don’t feel that they are going to increase their customer base by recruiting more French speaking personnel. Nevertheless, French Canadians, especially the young, feel hurt by this. Their reaction is understandable, though exaggerated.
(Photo: once attended the catholic churches are now deserted by the French-Canadians)

The Communist Party of Canada (CPC) speaks the language of wisdom and democracy. They advocate recognizing the right of the French Canadian to self-determination up and including secession from Canada. They oppose, naturally, discrimination against French Canadians in La Belle Province wherever they work and live. Of course, they don’t believe immigrants and English Canadians should be forced to speak French but instead encouraged to learn and use the language.

It is obvious that in the future, the French Canadians will have to learn English, but it must not be mandatory. They must be encouraged to do it gradually without loosing the French language. Anyhow, today it is common for immigrant children to speak French and English as well as their parent’s language (Spanish, Arabic or Urdu).

In the past, the Communists associated themselves regularly with the PQ members on various issues, like peace campaigns, solidarity with the Chilean people or the defence of Cuba. Many PQ members are progressive, but they are fiercely obtuse on the national question. It is almost a psychological barrier. PQ members are active in people’s associations, unions and movements and they outnumber communist Party members in these movements. During elections they win easily. One must not make mistakes: the PQ is not like the New Democratic Party, a socialist party or a social-democrat party. Instead it is a coalition party with a left wing.
(Photo: big canadian companies benefit from the absence of a mass communist party in Canada)

However, the CPC has influence in the trade-unions. One of the Party’s mistakes during the 1990s was to recruit former nationalists to its ranks, nearly destroying the Party. The revolutionary “pessimism” was caused by the Soviet Union’s disappearance added to the Party’s near downfall. The communist movement in Québec overcame this mistake and is ready to form alliances with the PQ members but on an equal footing. Furthermore, the centrist Liberal Party led by Jean Charest adopts policies that are fair for the people, even though the PQ waits like a vulture to diminish the Liberals in the public eye.

Finally, the PQ has no newspaper in Québec like for instance the French Communist Party daily newspaper l’Humanité. Our readers should know that many journalists from the written and electronic press have attended courses at Montréal’s Québec University under the direction of the late professor Pierre Bourgault, former leader of the nationalist Rassemblement pour l’Indépendance Nationale (Rally for the National Independence –RIN). Bourgault liked to ridicule Greek, Italian and Jews, while he was smoking his eternal Gitanes at his classroom’s entrance. Of course, he could not ignore the progressive and dynamic role played by representatives of theses communities in the development of the communist movement in Montréal.
(Photo SolidNet: communist meeting in Greece)

The French Canadians workers realize now that you can deal about bread and butter and still ask for a Québec traditional product. Finally, one should be aware that communists are developing the embryo of a mass organization in Montréal’s eastend. One day, the French CBC anchorman, at an electoral soirée will announce that “if the trend keeps on going, the next government will be formed by the communist party…”


L'Humanité in English
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* (Daniel Paquet studied Communications at Montréal’s Québec University from 1993 to 1996, where he graduated in journalism with honours)



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ABOUT TRUTH AND VICTORY

vol. 2, no. 9, November 2009, $ 1.00

si vous voulez lire en français, : http://www.laviereelle.blogspot.com/

FOREWORD: Many thanks to Tim Pelzer, tpelzer@shaw.ca who edited this article. Don't forget the link below to L'Humanité in English, selection of the daily communist newspaper published in Paris.
______________________________

It’s all started with the last column that I wrote. My dear friend and editor, Tim, said to me: “Sometimes you can be overly abstract and theoretical to the point that I have trouble understanding what you are saying […] if I have trouble understanding what you are saying, I am sure that your readers will have the same problem.”

I read over the whole article. Tim is right. But why publish a newsletter in English if one cannot express himself properly? The reason is very basic: I am totally devoted to the Québec people and I want English speaking Canadians - and others - to know that we are not a bunch of angry, restless separatists, waiting for the next referendum to drag us out of Canada. Naturally, since this column is read by intellectuals and journalists, I did not want to give them the impression that La Vie Réelle in English was a simple read that could be labelled as a cheap piece of French Canadian communist writing. (Photo: a typical French-Canadian homestead in Québec City)

But Tim, very generously, added: “You can express yourself well in English. I know this because of our wonderful email conversations. Write as if you are writing your readers an email. Write in simple prose that is easy to grasp. This is important if you want to appeal to working class readers.” Not only was I touched, but it brought two things to mind: first that we have to persuade people in Québec that it is important to learn English and second it is important to learn the history of English speaking Canada. Even communists around the world have adopted English in their communications. For instance, SolidNet, the Communist and Worker's Parties central communication's bureau in Athens, Greece distributes documents and bulletins in Spanish, Italian, Russian, Portuguese and English. Few documents are in French. I believe that when the French communist party becomes more involved in world solidarity movements there will be more French publications. At the moment, even Québec communists use English to communicate with central party headquarters in Toronto.

Of course, main documents are translated from English to French. Those living in Vancouver, Halifax or Hamilton should know that there is a lively, flourishing French speaking culture in Québec. We have prominent and talented singers like Robert Charlesbois (Ordinaire) as well as new ones like Lynda Thalie (Une femme amoureuse), an immigrant from the Arab world. Well, the point is that we don’t eat pea soup, cretons and pâté chinois like in the past. We have changed. We go for sushi, couscous and souvlaki now. And there are even some who believe that God does not oppose French Canadians joining the communist party. C’est la vie… (Photo : a Montréal-born new Québécoise, Nile)

Even in the labour movement there are changes. For instance the Québec Centre of Trade Unions, formerly the Québec Teacher's Union, decided at its last convention in June 2009 to get involved in politics “so that we live in the type of society that we want to build”. We increased our solidarity with workers from other parts of the world. For instance, the Québec Federation of Labour (500 000 members) opposes the Free Trade Agreement that the Canadian government signed with Colombia because of the systematic violations of human rights in that country. The Union Centre invites its “member unions and regional councils to put pressure on conservative and liberal MPs…” And, the Confederation of National Trade Unions (300 000 members) will enlarge its support policy for striking workers. Recently, union members working at Le Journal de Québec decided to “give 1% of their salaries to the union representing 253 workers at Le Journal de Montréal”, who have been on lock-out for over 8 months.

Karl Marx in the article published under the title of Communism and the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung, concluded that: “ We are firmly convinced that the real danger lies not in practical attempts, but in the theoretical elaboration of communist ideas, for practical attempts, even mass attempts, can be answered by cannon as soon as they become dangerous, whereas ideas, which have conquered our intellect and taken possession of our minds, ideas to which reason has fettered our conscience, are chains from which one cannot free oneself without a broken heart…” (Collected Works, Vol. 1, International Publishers, New York, 1985, pp. 220-221)

As readers know, there is an older bulletin named La Vie Réelle (just in french). One of its readers wrote not long ago: “A very good issue. One reads it and can make up one’s own opinion. Articles are never aggressive, I appreciate it.” (Photo: a renovated catholic church in Québec City)

L'Humanité in English

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I LOVE THE SOVIET UNION

vol. 2, no. 8, October 2009, $ 1.00

si vous voulez lire en français, : http://www.laviereelle.blogspot.com/

FOREWORD: Many thanks to Tim Pelzer, tpelzer@shaw.ca who edited this article. Don't forget the link below to L'Humanité in English, selection of the daily communist newspaper published in Paris.

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In one of his tragedy: King Lear; Shakespeare wrote beautiful verses, witnessing the feeling of one daughter for his father. Goneril says to King Lear:

“Sir, I love you more than word can wield the matter;
Dearer than eyesight, space, and liberty;
Beyond what can be valued, rich or rare;
No less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honour;
As much as child e’er lov’d, or father found;
A love that makes breath poor and speech unable.
Beyond all manner of so much I love you.”

(Photo: Father and daughter, - Hervé and Peggy- at the 2009 May Day Demonstration in Paris)

These words express deeply my true feelings for the French Canadian working people, my people. These people, like others on earth deserves the best created by the brain and hands of the toiling people. As the saying goes in French: “il n‘y a rien de trop beau pour la classe ouvrière” (there is no such a too beautiful thing for the working class). But besides my own “family”, I felt deeply in love with former Soviet Union.

When I was a kid in Québec City, my grandfather once told me that we should build a monument to the Red Army. Later I learned about the heroic Red army soldiers that defeated the Nazi invaders in Stalingrad. Enemy at the Gates is a splendid US made movie that portrays this powerful Red Army victory. By the way, my grand-father perused the books forbidden by the Roman Catholic Church, notably those written by authors such as Léon Tolstoï.

In 1972, my father Donat embarked on a journey to Moscow to see the historic ice hockey tournament between Canada and USSR. When he returned, the parish priest, Mr. Giguère came and asked him a few questions, especially about the Soviet people’s commitment and belief in God. My father convincingly told the priest that apparently the people believe in something that was greater than them personally. It was the recognition of ordinary citizens, working hard to match the standards of well-being in countries like Canada with exception that everyone would share the benefits.

The following year, my mother visited the Soviet Union. She has fond memories of her stay in Kiev, Ukraine’s capital city, which to this day she recounts vividly.

The Party School

A few years later, in 1979, after I had joined the Communist party of Canada, I was invited to study in the Soviet Union. Initially, I thought that it was not a good idea, preferring to live with my girlfriend in Montréal. But she convinced me to go and for the next seven months, I studied at Moscow’s Institute of Social Studies. It was a renowned school, run by the Communist party. Sometimes a Central Committee member, comrade Zagladine, would visit the school to see if everything was working fine.

We had the cream of the cream of professors and directors at the Institute, also known as the Party School. The Principal was the former Soviet ambassador to France. Our philosophy teacher had been the Soviet ambassador to Unesco in Paris and the others were all either former delegates or diplomats in Canada, Africa and other parts of the world.

But what professors! Sad, because I was not receiving letters from my girlfriend, one of them gave me a few tips to encourage her to write me. Another one, the journalism instructor, helped me plan my week ends, suggesting places I should visit.

Speaking of visits, like ordinary Soviet citizen, I had the opportunity to go to the circus (the old and the new ones), operas, theatres, concerts and movie theatres.

I also had my share of frustrations. I wanted since the beginning of my adventure to learn if people were happy with the socialist system. But, how to do it without speaking Russian? My standard of living in Moscow was lower than in Montréal.

My readers will ask: did you free while studying in Moscow? I will repeat it many times, I felt free to study, read and express myself. I was happy in Moscow, spring was beautiful and the summer, a real treat…

When the rightwing counter-revolution started, everybody saluted the changes, thinking that they were moving in a real progress toward a Western style “democracy”. In the 1990s, I met some Russian trade-unionists on a tour in Montréal; one of them, a middle-aged woman stared at me sadly and repeated: “what did we do? What did we do?” The Soviets lost all the benefits they enjoyed under socialism such as full employment, job security and a wide range of social benefits, she explained.

Now, many former Soviet citizens who immigrated abroad for a better standard of living after the crisis, such as my friend Nikolaï – a welder who works in Montréal’s industrial belt- realize that life was better under socialism.

Nonetheless, the former Soviet Union still has friends and supporters around the world.

My only criticism of the former Soviet Union is that the Communist Party ended the class struggle within the society too early. And speaking of freedom, I will conclude with those words from Karl Marx: “It is not a question whether freedom of the press ought to exist, for it always exists. The question is whether freedom of the press is a privilege of particular individuals or whether it is a privilege of the human mind. The question is whether a right of one side ought to be a wrong for the other side.” (Collected Works, Volume 1, International Publishers, New York, 1976. p. 155).

L'Humanité in English

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DON'T WORRY, THEY STUDY

vol. 2, no. 7, September 2009, $1.00

si vous voulez lire en français, : http://www.laviereelle.blogspot.com/

NOTA BENE: Tim Pelzer, t.pelzer@shaw.ca, edited this bulletin. You will find at the bottom the link with l'Humanité in English, a selection of the french daily communist newspaper published in Paris.

And I judge, when I am happy
As a young student
That when the sky is darkest
The dawn is near.
(Antonio Guerrero, one of the Cuban Five)

Yes, eventually the students will study to know if a better world is possible. Right now, however, everything seems rather quiet, at least on the surface, in the times past turbulent province of Québec. One of the last demonstrations that took place was at the end of March in the streets of Montréal. According to the newspaper Métro, “hundreds of students, union activists and community organizers took to the streets in downtown Montréal, under the leadership of the Student’s Association, to show their opposition to private sector in public facilities”.

In Mid-April, The Gazette reported that “students at Université du Québec à Montréal will join the faculty in a “silent” march this morning to show continued support for a strike by professors that threatens to extend their winter semester by several weeks”. (Photo: karate course in Paris)

But -- there is a but-- Québec students have not built permanent and strong alliances with English speaking students in other provinces. Such unity could change the face of the Canadian politics. As Young Communist League General Secretary Johan Boyden puts it in the June issue of the People’s Voice: “Student activists have a choice: slide towards advocacy, or fuel up a militant Canada-wide campaign, with allies like labour, people’s forces, and parents –for ultimately our demand is raising living standards of the people as a whole.”

Last May, the half million strong Quebec Federation of Labour called upon the Québec students to participate in May Day events in the province along with the workers and community organizers. For many years, the student movement, such as the former Quebec National Association of Students, had a tradition of encouraging student involvement in May Day activities. After all, would they not be the future working class?

At the 55th Canadian Federation of Students' Convention (CFS) in May, as reported by the People’s Voice, delegates decided that “funding for aboriginal post-secondary education will be a top priority of the [CFS] together with campaigns to combat sky rocketing tuition fees in the upcoming 2009-2010 semester…” The article stressed that a special guest to the meeting came from the United States Student Association. What a beautiful idea!

The People’s Weekly World in June reports that: “The U.S. has already spent over $ 170 billion on the Afghan war to date; tens of billions more are included in the supplemental appropriation, and analysts say total costs could ultimately exceed the recent bailout of Wall St.” The Congressional progressive Caucus has called on President Obama to spend this money instead on education, health care and other social programs.
(Photo: a course of information technology at an union centre in Paris)

A new trend in Québec has emerged apparently. In the past, trade unions never officially supported a political party, at least openly, except the QFL for the socialist NDP previously. Now the province’s Central trade Union, which represents thousands of members working in the education system, decided at their June convention to urge members “to vote for candidates who could defend policies of the organization”.

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CUBA IN OUR HEARTS

Finally, in May, La Vie Réelle in English received a letter from Antonio Guerrero, one of the Cuban Five where he announced that: “Every month new friends write to us from the most distant corners of our planet, expressing their love to our people and its Revolution and their support demanding our freedom […] The International Committee for the Freedom of the Cuban Five has launched an extraordinary campaign to send postcards to President Barack Obama […] If you would like to learn more about this campaign and other important activities for our cause, visit http://www.thecuban5.org/cuban5.org/ .If you want to order postcards, you can write to: info@thecuban5.org .”

(Photo: Demonstration in favour of the Five in the USA)

A few years ago, Antonio also wrote, while incarcerated in USA:

Suddenly one day they lock you up
With nights that only serve silence.
They make you feel sad, betrayed,
Strange, failed, absent.
They take you to a dark and cold place
Where everything is inalienably alien,
Rooms inhabited by hate
In which the air is indifferent.
But you know that one day the kisses will return,
The light will be covered with a sweet effluvium,
The doors will be shut with hips
And the heat will spread its mouth over you being
Pledging to you eternal spring.
Against love of the good, none can succeed.

(Antonio Guerrero, Poemas confidenciales, Letras Cubanas, 29/08/04, p. 16)

L'Humanité in English

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THE FRENCH COMMUNIST PARTY

vol. 2, no. 6, June 2009, $ 1.00

Some young french communists and Daniel Paquet

si vous voulez lire en français, : http://www.laviereelle.blogspot.com/


NOTA BENE: Tim Pelzer, t.pelzer@shaw.ca edited the bulletin. You will find at the end the link to L'Humanité in English, a selection of the french daily communist newspaper published in Paris. With this issue, we start to publish pictures.

Paris--“With communism waning and Western values suspect, Confucius is making a comeback.” This is the title of an article just published in the European edition of the New York Times, the International Herald Tribune. It is part of the vicious campaign against the French communist party (PCF). The author of this article, Daniel A. Bell, never tells us what are those Confucian values, except to say that they will eventually replace Marxism.

Today it is fashionable to criticize the PCF, from outside or inside the party. Sometimes, the attacks are rooted in the party’s setbacks in recent years, especially in the elections. True, the 200,000 strong party has lost part of its audience. Many intellectuals and petit bourgeois elements have joined the band wagon.

But one must take into account the amelioration of living standards. If you still think that the average Frenchman is wearing his eternal beret with a baguette under his arm, ready to go bowling, you are in the wrong country. Young people here, influenced by the US mass media, are adopting the North-American way of life.

However, working class people I met on various occasions during May Day in Paris demonstrated that the social forces for transformation of the country are still active. More than 1,600,000 people demonstrated in the streets against government policies that favour big business. During a trip I made to a municipality to meet the Communist Mayor, Catherine Margaté, I met five Young Communist League members collecting money to finance their trip to Cuba this summer. They were enthused to hear that Canadian and US Communists are fighting to free the Cuban 5, including my friend Antonio Guerrero.

The economic crisis is visible in this country of Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac and Jules Vallès. Unemployment, AIDS and poverty are a growing problem.

One should not be surprised that progressive elements gathered to form the Front de gauche (the Left Front), with the Gauche Unitaire (ex-trotskyst), Parti de la gauche (former socialist party members), the French communist party and some other movements. The leading figure in Ile de France Region, including Paris, is Patrick Le Hyaric, Director of the communist daily newspaper L’Humanité. This Front, that they are building, could become a permanent feature of French political life after the European elections of June 7th. While the PCF is a member of the Left Front, the party’s membership rejected the idea that the party should be dissolved to be replaced by a nebulous organization within this Front.

The Left Front closely resembles Vancouver’s municipal Committee of Progressive Electors and Québec Solidaire, which consist of diverse political forces.

French communists are still divided on such issues as the role of Stalin in the construction of Soviet Union. In private talks, many will tell you that they feel deeply for the people of the former Soviet Union who have suffered immensely since the return to Capitalism.

On the other hand, few are knowledgeable of other communist party’s policies or programs. For instance, there is a general ignorance about the Communist Party of Canada’s contribution to the national question in relation with French Canadian in Québec, or other topic such as NATO. But there is a willingness to learn, especially among youth. The French Young Communist League is eager to meet young Canadian Communists at an upcoming international meeting of solidarity with Cuban youth this summer. French communists also favour building new links with other communist Parties and organizing joint actions.

While some Canadians and Americans think that the PCF has drifted to the right, they should realize that in France, some people believe that the same thing has happened in North America. They believe that the CPC and CPUSA have withdrawn and become sects. Regular exchanges and discussions are vital to avoid such misunderstandings

Finally, the PCF is very dynamic and its members are involved in various solidarity movements with Algeria, Martinique and Viet Nam. Party members play an important role in French society, especially in the trade union movement. The widely read Communist daily L’Humanité, has English, Russian and Spanish editions. The party even manages to publish the glossy magazine L’Humanité Dimanche.

France is a developed country, wealthy and comparable to Canada and the USA. Like in Canada, the right wing tries to divide workers and the Left. In France, the right strives to weaken and undermine the 200,000 strong PCF and 15,000 strong YCL. As Madeleine and Jean-Jacques, both activist of the party, declared with passion and determination, after a sharp debate during a picnic: “We will never abandon our party, mark our word on it!”

L'Humanité in English

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ENEMY AT THE DOORS

vol. 2, no. 5, May 2009



si vous voulez lire en français, : http://www.laviereelle.blogspot.com/



NOTA BENE: Special thanks to Tim Pelzer, tpelzer@shaw.ca, for his precious help in editing this newsletter. Furthermore, dear readers, you will find at the end the link to L'Humanité in English which will allow you to read a selection of this french daily newspaper published in Paris.





According to Moldavia’s Central Electoral Commission, the Communist Party led by president Vladimir Voronine won the legislative elections with almost 50% of the vote, reported Associated Press on April 7th. This election took place in one of the 15 former republics of the late Soviet Union. However some refused to accept the election results and demonstrations followed.

Agence France-Presse reported on April 12th that “a large number of those who demonstrated in Chisinau (i.e. the capital city) were activists from the main opposition parties which did not win the elections. The young people, pretty much involved in the first days of the protest were very few […] The Commission approved on Saturday the final results giving 60 of the 101 seats in Parliament to the Communists […] Social difficulties in Moldavia, the poorest European country with a quarter of its population working in Europe or Russia and the lack of work opportunities for youth appear to be the main catalyst of the troubles.”

“Thousands of demonstrators gathered Saturday in Tbilissi for the third consecutive day to protest and call for Georgian president Mikheïl Saakachvili’s resignation […] His detractors, which include many former supporters, accuse Saakachvili of persecuting opponents, silencing the media and not doing enough to reduce poverty.”

As discussed at the Strasbourg meeting in April, western imperialist organizations would like to include Moldavia and Georgia in their efforts to isolate Russia as well as eliminate communist influence in each of these republics. In the case of Moldavia, there is a trend to push it towards the European Union while NATO would be more than delighted to capture Georgia.

At the same time in France, l’Humanité reports, in regards to the situation in the Middle-East, that “the surge in anti-Semitic hate crimes observed in January 2009 is a fact, but it does not mean that “anti-Semitism is back”. It has a specific circumstantial cause: the war in Gaza.” The newspaper explains that “those more hostile to Israel’s policies are often the less anti-Semitic.” It goes further in saying that both communities in France, Jewish and Muslim, should “work together to fight against prejudices and bigotry [and] the inalienable right of these two peoples to have their own land and sovereign State.” Forum Palestine testifies that at the end of January 2009, in Paris alone « 25 000 people (according to the organizers) took the street shouting “Stop the massacres. Sanctions against Israel”, “Gaza, we all stand with you” and “Israel is a murderer”.

What about the future?

Writer William Blum in his Anti-Empire Report, (April 2009) reports that in 1994, Mark Brzezinski (son of Zbigniew), a Fulbright Scholar teaching in Warsaw, wrote: “I asked my students to define democracy. Expecting a discussion on individual liberties and authentically elected institutions, I was surprised to hear my students respond that to them, democracy means a government [with the] obligation to maintain a certain standard of living and to provide health care, education and housing for all. In other words, socialism.”

It is not without irony that we observe that, even Barack Obama has fallen into the anti-communist trap. Let’s bear in mind that before the Organization of the American State’s Summit in April, he said, as mentioned by l’Agence France Presse, that the US would only normalize relations with the Cuban government if it frees all political prisoners and allows Cubans to freely express themselves, travel and attend church. “The U.S. administration has said that Mr. Obama was going to Trinidad and Tobago with the intention to rally the leaders to pressure Cuba.” But not a word about the Cuban 5, including Antonio Guerrero who corresponds with La Vie Réelle on a regular basis. Guerrero has rotted in prison on false charges for the last 10 years, in the United States.

However, this does not mean that all of Barack Obama’s policies are wrong. The People’s Weekly World reports that: “Obama’s budget allocates $ 115 billion next year in federal aid to education, nearly three times more than ex-President George W. Bush’s budget. For health care reform fund, Obama allocates $ 634 billion, and for alternative energy and green jobs, $ 150 billion.”

To conclude, I would like to remind readers what the third president of the USA, Thomas Jefferson once said: “I believe that banks are more dangerous to our liberties than whole armies ready to fight.” This was said in 1802.

L'Humanité in English

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